Introduction The EIGRP stub router is a feature of the EIGRP routing protocol through which we limit the number of routes from being advertisement. Moreover, It is also a helpful feature for EIGRP Stuck in active state when EIGRP queries its neighbors for its failed route. The router will send a multicast query to all…
Introduction There are two types of router states in EIGRP, which are installed in a router’s routing table. The first one is passive, and the 2nd is active. The passive state is considered the best, while the active state is considered harmful. The passive state indicates the route is reachable, while the passive state represents…
Introduction Cisco developed EIGRP to improve efficiency and scalability in routing protocols. just as Cisco converted IGRP to EIGRP, Cisco also converted EIGRP from classic mode to EIGRP named mode to remove Deficiencies or defects in EIGRP classic mode. Classic mode is the old version of EIGRP, in which you have to enter protocol and…
Introduction Summarization is the reverse process of subnetting. It reduces the size of the routing table by combining several routes into one summary route. If a network is small, its routing table is fine, but if its size is increasing daily, it is difficult for network engineers to handle it due to its complexity. EIGRP…
Introduction Authentication is an essential factor for digital devices. If we connect the devices to the internet, then authentication becomes necessary. Authentication plays a vital role in data transmission. Without encryption and authentication, there is a risk of data alteration. By default, EIGRP uses no authentication between its routers. EIGRP uses MD5 and SHA-256 authentications….
Introduction EIGRP Feasible Distance and advertised distances are important in finding the best path from source to destination in EIGRP internetwork. Moreover, the link cost finds the path from source to destination in a network. EIGRP Feasible Distance Based on the lowest cost metric, the EIGRP enters its best route into its routing table. Specifically,…
Introduction EIGRP routing protocol can automate routing decisions and configuration based on the routing table. It has the feature of EIGRP variance command which allows a router for load balancing over unequal cost paths. Thus it sends routes on those paths that the router considers as backup paths. In other words, it sends the packet…
Introduction When we want to send data in the EIGRP inter-network, then EIGRP considers different factors to send data on the best path, if multiple paths exist. The EIGRP metric does this task. Moreover, It consists of Five different things to consider for the best path selection. It is also called a composite metric. Composite…
Introduction EIGRP is an important topic of Cisco exam certification. EIGRP stands for enhanced interior gateway routing protocol. We use it for finding the best path in the computer internetwork. It works on Cisco devices, but a few years ago, Cisco declared it standardized as open. EIGRP protocol is a successor of IGRP. It…
Introduction casting means “sending data to the destination” ” but some terms are used with casting such as unicast, broadcast, and multicast. So when we send the data to a single destination, then we call it unicasting. Similarly, when the sender sends the data to all of the network’s destinations, it is called broadcasting. At…
Introduction Passive interface is a command in RIP that is used to stop unwanted traffic to LAN and WAN. The Passive Interface feature in RIP allows you to select a specific interface from being sent its routes. You can configure the passive-interface in the router configuration mode. Sometimes we want to restrict our routes in…
RIP authentication is an important feature of RIP protocol because it identifies the legitimacy of routing updates which is exchanged between RIP’s speaking routers. It enables a router to ensure that only an authorized route is allowed to be installed into a router’s routing table. Authentication protects the network against unauthorized access, data breaches, and…
Routing information protocol summary or RIP summary is also known as route aggregation or route summarization. RiP’s summary sends multiple contiguous network prefixes as one subnet. It reduces the size of the routing table. The advantages of a small routing table are short convergence time, low bandwidth consumption, and improved overall network stability. RIP auto…
Introduction to RIP Timers Routing information protocol or RIP is a simple distance vector routing protocol. Timer plays an important role in modern computer networking. Any delay in the network decreases its reliability, which affects its performance. Finally, the organization hesitates to adopt it in its core networking. RIP uses a mechanism known as RIP…
Introduction Routing Information Protocol or RIP is one of the oldest routing protocols. Bellman-Ford developed it in 1980. It passed through certain revisions which are version 1, version 2 for IPv4, and RIPng for IPv6. Moreover, it is a distance routing protocol that uses hop count as a metric. It is used in small as…
Introduction The process of sending a message from one computer to another located in different networks is called routing. The router performs routing. Static and default routing are the types of routing that are configured manually. Usually, the network administrator configures static and default routes. Static Routing Static routing is a mechanism in which the…
Introduction Routing is how data packets move from source to destination in a computer network. The word’ routing’ comes from the word ‘route,’ also called way. So, Routing is a way to find a path from source to destination. A device called a Router is used to find this path. The router is a device…
Introduction First, we define what media is. Media is a way in which communication takes place. There are two types of media, which are wire and wireless. In this article, we are going to focus on guided media. So, guided media is a way in networking devices to exchange data or information through wires. Another term for…
Transmission modes mean how data is transferred from one place to another place. The data that is transferring from one place to another, is colliding with any other type of data. If the cable doesn’t contain more than one channel in it. Then, there is 100% of possibility that it will collide with the remote…
Introduction Web server is a combination of two words; web and server. The web is an information system known through its URL. While a server means to serve. So it is a place on the internet where information is stored and served by the clients. A web server is also called an HTTP server. The…
Introduction DNS stands for domain name system. It provides name services. Name services provide name resolution. Name resolution is the conversion of IP to name and name to IP. So, the server which works as a name resolver is called a DNS server. If you know the name of a website, then there is no…
Introduction DHCP Relay Agent is the process of assigning an IP address from one subnet to another subnet. The DHCP server will be in one network, while the clients will be in another network. So that the DHCP server and its client will be in different networks. The Router or Layer Three Switch will act…
Introduction Normally, we assign an IP address to a client computer in two ways. The first one is static or manual assignment and the second one is dynamic. When we assign an IP address to a client computer manually, then it is called a static IP address. And, when we assign IP addresses in an…
A switch port analyzer or SPAN port mirroring is a way through which we capture network data for monitoring purposes. It is also called port mirroring because it mirrors traffic from different ports to different ports. We mirror the network traffic from one set of ports to another port which can then be connected to…
Introduction IP SLA is an IP Server Level Agreement. It is a feature of Cisco Router’s IOS to provide real-time network traffic monitoring performance and reporting. Moreover, it can report network metrics like basic connectivity, delay, jitter, packet loss frequency response time, etc., It is a great tool for ISPs to monitor their customer…
Embedded Event Manager or Cisco EEM is a software component of Cisco IOS that allows network engineers to automate networking tasks, respond to certain types of events, and improve the intelligence of Cisco networking devices. EEM detects real-time network event reporting and tracking. It automates different tasks by using applets and scripts. EEM is embedded…
Introduction Netflow is a popular protocol, which is developed by Cisco. Its work is to collect IP traffic information flowing through an interface on the network. It monitors our computer networking devices in real-time. It defines the behavior of network traffic. Why do we use NetFlow? It helps us to identify some common issues like…
.SNMP stands for simple network management protocol. It is an application layer protocol defined in the IETF RFC 1157. This protocol is used to monitor all the devices installed in a network. If you want to monitor all the devices in a network: what is configured in those devices, what is running in it, and…
The Cisco router Privilege level is a way a network administrator defines the level of commands, the normal user will run. Privilege Level defines the number of commands a user can run. By default, three privilege levels are configured on the Cisco router: level 0, level 1, and level 15. The user exec mode is…
A computer network consists of various routers, switches, and firewalls as the network becomes larger and larger. It is tough for an administrator to control access to the networking devices. Tacacs+ protocol can resolve this big issue. It centralizes all the login credentials in a single place. It simplifies our management work and secures our…
Radius stands for remote access dial-in user service. Radius server is a protocol that is primarily used for restricting network access. It authenticates the user who wants to access the device or network. Further, it also authorizes users, what they can do. And at the last, it also responsible for what the user did during…
AAA stands for Authentication Authorization and Accounting. It is a security service, which means no authorized person will not access your device or network. It is a service that stores usernames and passwords in a centralized location. .AAA consists of three A’s, which first A is for Authentication. Authentication means who is logged in to…
NTP stands for network time protocol. It is an application layer protocol that is used to synchronize the clock between network devices and the time server. It uses UDP port number 123 for its communication. Networking devices need to make sure that logging information and timestamps have the accurate time and date. There are two…
In the last two articles about the Python netmiko library part 1 and part 2, we have discussed the basis of the netmiko library and its implementation in the article. In this article, we are focusing on “how to automate network” by modifying the netmiko library, introducing a few challenges to enhance your understanding. We…
In the previous article “How to Automate Network Access With Python Netmiko Library part-1”, we have called only one device at a time. But, this time, we will call more than one device at the same time in a single script to automate Network Access. We will mention device IP addresses in the list data…
We use the Python Netmiko Library to automate network access securely. Netmiko is a Python library that is used to build a secure remote connection with network devices using an SSH connection. Nemiko is not the default library in Python. you will have to install it manually in it. It is necessary to enable SSH…
Vlan stands for virtual local area network. Creating a VLAN is an important part of the configuration of a switch. n this article, we will write a script and run this script to create Multiple VLANs with Python script on a switch. We will perform this lab in EVE-NG software. Creating Management Cloud in the…
When a router is not directly accessible, we mostly use either SSH or telnet to configure a router. In this article, we will explore the use of Python script to establish telnet access to a router. We will be simulating this lab within GNS3 software. I directly connected GNS3 to my laptop (PC). It’s worth…
Network automation is becoming an essential part of computer networking. With the help of network automation, we use software to automate our daily tasks through Python script. Network automation helps us to configure our network from a centralized location. Here, we will write a script and then implement it on the networking device. We will…
GNS3 is a famous network simulator through which network engineers and students make their network design, to test it before deployment. It supports many vendors” devices. it is an open-source software and is widely used in the industry. We can connect it to a real network or to our laptop, to test our network design….
Sometimes we want to sit near our computer network devices, such as routers and switches, to collect information about connected network devices without the need to go there. We can perform such tasks through CDP and LLDP. CDP stands for Cisco Discovery Protocol while LLDP stands for Link Layer Discovery Protocol. Both perform the same…
Memorizing the IP address of a few devices is easy, but it is very hard to remember every device’s IP address on the computer network. Sometimes, we forget the IP address of the device and then check the routing table or any other table on the computer. As we can’t remember every website IP address…
SSH stands for secure shell. SSH is a cryptographic protocol which encrypts networking data. When data is flowing in an unencrypted network, then a hacker can see the data, which later he/she can misuse that data. So, when SSH encrypts that data, then a middleman can not see the information. Moreover, SSH uses a client-server…
Telent or virtual terminal line is an application protocol that we use it to configure a device to get its information and run the program remotely. To configure a network through Telnet it should configure the network with proper IP address connectivity. Telent works at port number 23 without transmission encryption. The data between the…
Maintaining a user activity record is important in the organization. If there is any loss in the organization or another place in the world, then the last and final stage is to check its user activity. The activity shows how they did it and when they did it. Various tools can collect records of user…
FTP stands for the file transfer protocol. We use an FTP server to store our data. FTP is a centralized location in an organization where all users store their data for daily purposes. We can also use an FTP server to store Cisco router IOS backup. So, whenever a network engineer or network administrator wants…
Maintaining network devices is an important job role of a network administrator. He is performing day-to-day network device configuration. Among other devices, there are also routers in his/her responsibilities. Sometimes, he lost the router Password. He is trying to find a solution to log into the router but he fails. The last option is to…
Backup and restoration a Cisco IOS is an essential task for a network administrator or network engineer. We back up our Cisco device IOS for backup purposes. In the case of an IOS failure in a Cisco device, we have the option to restore its IOS, which we backed up some time ago. We also…
Normally, we connect the computer to a router through the switch. In this article, we will explain, How we connect our computer to a router in a Cisco packet tracer. As we drag and drop the PC, Switch, and Router in the working area, The next phase is to connect all of them with each…
Connecting a PC to a router is a basic lab in computer networking and any simulator software. We connect our PC to the router for different purposes. Sometimes we want to check connectivity between any two stations. We want first to connect the PC directly with the router. Sometimes, we want to take router configuration…