Port Address Translation Port address translation or PAT is a translation mechanism that translates multiple private IP addresses to a single shareable public IP address. An organization needs to conserve its public IP addresses. We can also use it for security purposes just like to protect an internal network from external threats. Today we use…
Dynamic NAT Dynamic means something related to automatic that doesn’t rely on human intervention.As defined in the previous blog, NATing allows us to communicate with the rest of the world through public IP addresses. One such translation method is dynamic nat. It is a translation method in which private network PCs communicate over the internet…
Introduction to 1-to-1 network address translation ( static NAT) Network address translation plays a crucial role in conserving IPv4 addresses. One of the main and most commonly used of NAT is 1-to-1 network address translation. We can also call it static NAT. This article will explore its details, configuration, use cases, and practical implementation. At…
Introduction Network address translation in our private network allows multiple devices to share a single IP address when they try to access the outside network. It conserves public IP addresses and hides private IP addresses by enhancing network security. We will define in this article, define NAT, its types, and its practical implementation in a…
Introduction ACLs help us to perform various security activities, like packet filtering and network classification. Configuring ACLs is useful when the network is smaller or has a few lines of ACEs. But, it becomes very hard for a device to manage and maintain when we configure so many ACLs on the router. To resolve this…
Introduction A computer network consists of various resources, and accessing those resources is a critical point in terms of security. Different ways are used to access those resources, but one of the most effective ways to manage is through the implementation of a Role-Based Access Control list (RBAC). What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) Role-Based…
Introduction The named access control list is the enhanced version of the number ACL. Instead of using the number in ACL, named ACL uses a descriptive name for its identification. A named ACL permits or denies traffic based on descriptive names. We can configure both the ACLs, standard and extended ACLs, which allow for greater…
Introduction ACL is a security feature in Cisco devices that either blogs or permits network traffic. Network administrators set the rules and filter the traffic according to the conditions. If the incoming traffic doesn’t meet the criteria, it is automatically discarded through an ACL. There are many types of ACL, but the standard access control…
Introduction to Access Control List What is an Access Control List? An access control list is a group of commands that work together to classify IP packets entering or leaving a router interface. We can define an ACL as a sequential list of rules that either will permit or deny the traffic based on the…
Introduction: The previous blog post discussed redistribution as translating routes among different routing protocols. In the last blog, we also completed redistribution between EIGRP and OSPF, where we redistributed EIGRP and ospf to each other. This blog will expand our lab topology and introduce RIP and static routes. We will redistribute RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and…
Introduction Normally, large enterprises run various routing protocols in their organization to meet client requirements. Each client is running a different type of routing protocol. However, a problem of disconnectivity arises when different types of routing protocols operate in the same autonomous system. To solve this problem, we use redistribution, which connects different routing protocols…
Introduction Interior gateway routing protocols (IGPs) are the core of computer networking. Without them, we can’t connect devices. Different IGPs exist in the industry, but EIGRP and OSPF dominate in usage. Their functionality is connecting devices, but their ways of connecting devices differ. When considering EIGRP vs OSPF, both routing protocols have their own strengths…
Introduction to OSPF DR Election The OSPF DR election is crucial in multi-access OSPF networks like ethernet and Frame-relay, where more than one router is connected in the same segment. Its main aim is to reduce the traffic generated by OSPF’s enabled router. OSPF DR and BDR election Normally DR/BDR in OSPF takes place…
Introduction OSPF routing protocol is a dynamic routing protocol that dynamically learns routes from other routers and advertises these routes to other OSPF-speaking routers. so that, these information will reach all the OSPF’s routers. What is the OSPF routing protocol? OSPF routing protocol is the most widely used IGP routing protocol. it uses IP protocol…
Introduction EIGRP k values decide in the EIGRP routing protocol of how to reach a destination on the fastest path. EIIGRP doesn’t use a single value in its metric calculation, as with RIP and OSPF. However, EIGRP uses a combination of different values in its metric calculation. We know these different values as K values….
EIGRP OTP Introduction We use EIGRP OTP or EIGRP Over the Top on those routers that are not directly connected. It is used in the situation when your router is connected to the ISP’s routers but you don’t want to involve the service provider’s router in your routing process. Moreover, it is also used when…
Introduction The EIGRP stub router is a feature of the EIGRP routing protocol through which we limit the number of routes from being advertisement. Moreover, It is also a helpful feature for EIGRP Stuck in active state when EIGRP queries its neighbors for its failed route. The router will send a multicast query to all…
Introduction There are two types of router states in EIGRP, which are installed in a router’s routing table. The first one is passive, and the 2nd is active. The passive state is considered the best, while the active state is considered harmful. The passive state indicates the route is reachable, while the passive state represents…
Introduction Cisco developed EIGRP to improve efficiency and scalability in routing protocols. just as Cisco converted IGRP to EIGRP, Cisco also converted EIGRP from classic mode to EIGRP named mode to remove Deficiencies or defects in EIGRP classic mode. Classic mode is the old version of EIGRP, in which you have to enter protocol and…
Introduction Summarization is the reverse process of subnetting. It reduces the size of the routing table by combining several routes into one summary route. If a network is small, its routing table is fine, but if its size is increasing daily, it is difficult for network engineers to handle it due to its complexity. EIGRP…
Introduction Authentication is an essential factor for digital devices. If we connect the devices to the internet, then authentication becomes necessary. Authentication plays a vital role in data transmission. Without encryption and authentication, there is a risk of data alteration. By default, EIGRP uses no authentication between its routers. EIGRP uses MD5 and SHA-256 authentications….
Introduction EIGRP Feasible Distance and advertised distances are important in finding the best path from source to destination in EIGRP internetwork. Moreover, the link cost finds the path from source to destination in a network. EIGRP Feasible Distance Based on the lowest cost metric, the EIGRP enters its best route into its routing table. Specifically,…
Introduction EIGRP routing protocol can automate routing decisions and configuration based on the routing table. It has the feature of EIGRP variance command which allows a router for load balancing over unequal cost paths. Thus it sends routes on those paths that the router considers as backup paths. In other words, it sends the packet…
Introduction When we want to send data in the EIGRP inter-network, then EIGRP considers different factors to send data on the best path, if multiple paths exist. The EIGRP metric does this task. Moreover, It consists of Five different things to consider for the best path selection. It is also called a composite metric. Composite…
Introduction EIGRP is an important topic of Cisco exam certification. EIGRP stands for enhanced interior gateway routing protocol. We use it for finding the best path in the computer internetwork. It works on Cisco devices, but a few years ago, Cisco declared it standardized as open. EIGRP protocol is a successor of IGRP. It…
Introduction casting means “sending data to the destination” ” but some terms are used with casting such as unicast, broadcast, and multicast. So when we send the data to a single destination, then we call it unicasting. Similarly, when the sender sends the data to all of the network’s destinations, it is called broadcasting. At…
Introduction Passive interface is a command in RIP that is used to stop unwanted traffic to LAN and WAN. The Passive Interface feature in RIP allows you to select a specific interface from being sent its routes. You can configure the passive-interface in the router configuration mode. Sometimes we want to restrict our routes in…
RIP authentication is an important feature of RIP protocol because it identifies the legitimacy of routing updates which is exchanged between RIP’s speaking routers. It enables a router to ensure that only an authorized route is allowed to be installed into a router’s routing table. Authentication protects the network against unauthorized access, data breaches, and…
Routing information protocol summary or RIP summary is also known as route aggregation or route summarization. RiP’s summary sends multiple contiguous network prefixes as one subnet. It reduces the size of the routing table. The advantages of a small routing table are short convergence time, low bandwidth consumption, and improved overall network stability. RIP auto…
Introduction to RIP Timers Routing information protocol or RIP is a simple distance vector routing protocol. Timer plays an important role in modern computer networking. Any delay in the network decreases its reliability, which affects its performance. Finally, the organization hesitates to adopt it in its core networking. RIP uses a mechanism known as RIP…
Introduction Routing Information Protocol or RIP is one of the oldest routing protocols. Bellman-Ford developed it in 1980. It passed through certain revisions which are version 1, version 2 for IPv4, and RIPng for IPv6. Moreover, it is a distance routing protocol that uses hop count as a metric. It is used in small as…
Introduction The process of sending a message from one computer to another located in different networks is called routing. The router performs routing. Static and default routing are the types of routing that are configured manually. Usually, the network administrator configures static and default routes. Static Routing Static routing is a mechanism in which the…
Introduction Routing is how data packets move from source to destination in a computer network. The word’ routing’ comes from the word ‘route,’ also called way. So, Routing is a way to find a path from source to destination. A device called a Router is used to find this path. The router is a device…
Introduction First, we define what media is. Media is a way in which communication takes place. There are two types of media, which are wire and wireless. In this article, we are going to focus on guided media. So, guided media is a way in networking devices to exchange data or information through wires. Another term for…
Transmission modes mean how data is transferred from one place to another place. The data that is transferring from one place to another, is colliding with any other type of data. If the cable doesn’t contain more than one channel in it. Then, there is 100% of possibility that it will collide with the remote…
Introduction Web server is a combination of two words; web and server. The web is an information system known through its URL. While a server means to serve. So it is a place on the internet where information is stored and served by the clients. A web server is also called an HTTP server. The…
Introduction DNS stands for domain name system. It provides name services. Name services provide name resolution. Name resolution is the conversion of IP to name and name to IP. So, the server which works as a name resolver is called a DNS server. If you know the name of a website, then there is no…
Introduction DHCP Relay Agent is the process of assigning an IP address from one subnet to another subnet. The DHCP server will be in one network, while the clients will be in another network. So that the DHCP server and its client will be in different networks. The Router or Layer Three Switch will act…
Introduction Normally, we assign an IP address to a client computer in two ways. The first one is static or manual assignment and the second one is dynamic. When we assign an IP address to a client computer manually, then it is called a static IP address. And, when we assign IP addresses in an…
A switch port analyzer or SPAN port mirroring is a way through which we capture network data for monitoring purposes. It is also called port mirroring because it mirrors traffic from different ports to different ports. We mirror the network traffic from one set of ports to another port which can then be connected to…
Introduction IP SLA is an IP Server Level Agreement. It is a feature of Cisco Router’s IOS to provide real-time network traffic monitoring performance and reporting. Moreover, it can report network metrics like basic connectivity, delay, jitter, packet loss frequency response time, etc., It is a great tool for ISPs to monitor their customer…
Embedded Event Manager or Cisco EEM is a software component of Cisco IOS that allows network engineers to automate networking tasks, respond to certain types of events, and improve the intelligence of Cisco networking devices. EEM detects real-time network event reporting and tracking. It automates different tasks by using applets and scripts. EEM is embedded…
Introduction Netflow is a popular protocol, which is developed by Cisco. Its work is to collect IP traffic information flowing through an interface on the network. It monitors our computer networking devices in real-time. It defines the behavior of network traffic. Why do we use NetFlow? It helps us to identify some common issues like…
.SNMP stands for simple network management protocol. It is an application layer protocol defined in the IETF RFC 1157. This protocol is used to monitor all the devices installed in a network. If you want to monitor all the devices in a network: what is configured in those devices, what is running in it, and…
The Cisco router Privilege level is a way a network administrator defines the level of commands, the normal user will run. Privilege Level defines the number of commands a user can run. By default, three privilege levels are configured on the Cisco router: level 0, level 1, and level 15. The user exec mode is…
A computer network consists of various routers, switches, and firewalls as the network becomes larger and larger. It is tough for an administrator to control access to the networking devices. Tacacs+ protocol can resolve this big issue. It centralizes all the login credentials in a single place. It simplifies our management work and secures our…
Radius stands for remote access dial-in user service. Radius server is a protocol that is primarily used for restricting network access. It authenticates the user who wants to access the device or network. Further, it also authorizes users, what they can do. And at the last, it also responsible for what the user did during…
AAA stands for Authentication Authorization and Accounting. It is a security service, which means no authorized person will not access your device or network. It is a service that stores usernames and passwords in a centralized location. .AAA consists of three A’s, which first A is for Authentication. Authentication means who is logged in to…
NTP stands for network time protocol. It is an application layer protocol that is used to synchronize the clock between network devices and the time server. It uses UDP port number 123 for its communication. Networking devices need to make sure that logging information and timestamps have the accurate time and date. There are two…
In the last two articles about the Python netmiko library part 1 and part 2, we have discussed the basis of the netmiko library and its implementation in the article. In this article, we are focusing on “how to automate network” by modifying the netmiko library, introducing a few challenges to enhance your understanding. We…