Packet Tracer

Introduction Today’s enterprise network wants to ensure 24/7 network availability for its users. Redundancy is a key feature of today’s network. Moreover, Redundancy helps us to ensure availability and minimize downtime for maintaining the smooth running of network operations. One of the main and famous redundancy protocols is the Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) which…

Dynamic NAT Dynamic means something related to automatic that doesn’t rely on human intervention.As defined in the previous blog, NATing allows us to communicate with the rest of the world through public IP addresses. One such translation method is dynamic nat. It is a translation method in which private network PCs communicate over the internet…

Introduction to 1-to-1 network address translation ( static NAT) Network address translation plays a crucial role in conserving IPv4 addresses. One of the main and most commonly used of NAT is 1-to-1 network address translation. We can also call it static NAT. This article will explore its details, configuration, use cases, and practical implementation. At…

Introduction A computer network consists of various resources, and accessing those resources is a critical point in terms of security. Different ways are used to access those resources, but one of the most effective ways to manage is through the implementation of a Role-Based Access Control list (RBAC). What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) Role-Based…

Introduction The named access control list is the enhanced version of the number ACL. Instead of using the number in ACL, named ACL uses a descriptive name for its identification. A named ACL permits or denies traffic based on descriptive names. We can configure both the ACLs, standard and extended ACLs, which allow for greater…

Introduction ACL is a security feature in Cisco devices that either blogs or permits network traffic. Network administrators set the rules and filter the traffic according to the conditions. If the incoming traffic doesn’t meet the criteria, it is automatically discarded through an ACL. There are many types of ACL, but the standard access control…

Introduction: The previous blog post discussed redistribution as translating routes among different routing protocols. In the last blog, we also completed redistribution between EIGRP and OSPF, where we redistributed EIGRP and ospf to each other. This blog will expand our lab topology and introduce RIP and static routes. We will redistribute RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and…

Introduction Normally, large enterprises run various routing protocols in their organization to meet client requirements. Each client is running a different type of routing protocol. However, a problem of disconnectivity arises when different types of routing protocols operate in the same autonomous system. To solve this problem, we use redistribution, which connects different routing protocols…

Introduction to OSPF DR Election             The OSPF DR election is crucial in multi-access OSPF networks like ethernet and Frame-relay, where more than one router is connected in the same segment. Its main aim is to reduce the traffic generated by OSPF’s enabled router. OSPF DR and BDR election Normally DR/BDR in OSPF takes place…

Introduction Summarization is the reverse process of subnetting. It reduces the size of the routing table by combining several routes into one summary route. If a network is small, its routing table is fine, but if its size is increasing daily, it is difficult for network engineers to handle it due to its complexity. EIGRP…

Introduction Authentication is an essential factor for digital devices. If we connect the devices to the internet, then authentication becomes necessary. Authentication plays a vital role in data transmission. Without encryption and authentication, there is a risk of data alteration. By default, EIGRP uses no authentication between its routers. EIGRP uses MD5 and SHA-256 authentications….

Introduction EIGRP Feasible Distance and advertised distances are important in finding the best path from source to destination in EIGRP internetwork. Moreover, the link cost finds the path from source to destination in a network. EIGRP Feasible Distance Based on the lowest cost metric, the EIGRP enters its best route into its routing table. Specifically,…

Introduction EIGRP routing protocol can automate routing decisions and configuration based on the routing table. It has the feature of EIGRP variance command which allows a router for load balancing over unequal cost paths. Thus it sends routes on those paths that the router considers as backup paths. In other words, it sends the packet…

Introduction When we want to send data in the EIGRP inter-network, then EIGRP considers different factors to send data on the best path, if multiple paths exist. The EIGRP metric does this task. Moreover, It consists of Five different things to consider for the best path selection. It is also called a composite metric. Composite…

Introduction EIGRP is an important topic of Cisco exam certification. EIGRP stands for enhanced interior gateway routing protocol. We use it for finding the best path in the computer internetwork. It works on Cisco devices, but a few years ago, Cisco declared it standardized as open. EIGRP protocol is a successor of IGRP.             It…

Introduction Passive interface is a command in RIP that is used to stop unwanted traffic to LAN and WAN. The Passive Interface feature in RIP allows you to select a specific interface from being sent its routes. You can configure the passive-interface in the router configuration mode. Sometimes we want to restrict our routes in…

Routing information protocol summary or RIP summary is also known as route aggregation or route summarization. RiP’s summary sends multiple contiguous network prefixes as one subnet. It reduces the size of the routing table. The advantages of a small routing table are short convergence time, low bandwidth consumption, and improved overall network stability. RIP auto…

Introduction  The process of sending a message from one computer to another located in different networks is called routing. The router performs routing. Static and default routing are the types of routing that are configured manually. Usually, the network administrator configures static and default routes. Static Routing Static routing is a mechanism in which the…

Introduction Web server is a combination of two words; web and server. The web is an information system known through its URL. While a server means to serve. So it is a place on the internet where information is stored and served by the clients. A web server is also called an HTTP server. The…

Introduction DNS stands for domain name system. It provides name services. Name services provide name resolution. Name resolution is the conversion of IP to name and name to IP. So, the server which works as a name resolver is called a DNS server. If you know the name of a website, then there is no…

Introduction DHCP Relay Agent is the process of assigning an IP address from one subnet to another subnet. The DHCP server will be in one network, while the clients will be in another network. So that the DHCP server and its client will be in different networks. The Router or Layer Three Switch will act…

Introduction Normally, we assign an IP address to a client computer in two ways. The first one is static or manual assignment and the second one is dynamic. When we assign an IP address to a client computer manually, then it is called a static IP address. And, when we assign IP addresses in an…

A switch port analyzer or SPAN port mirroring is a way through which we capture network data for monitoring purposes. It is also called port mirroring because it mirrors traffic from different ports to different ports. We mirror the network traffic from one set of ports to another port which can then be connected to…

Introduction Netflow is a popular protocol, which is developed by Cisco. Its work is to collect IP traffic information flowing through an interface on the network. It monitors our computer networking devices in real-time. It defines the behavior of network traffic. Why do we use NetFlow? It helps us to identify some common issues like…

.SNMP stands for simple network management protocol. It is an application layer protocol defined in the IETF RFC 1157. This protocol is used to monitor all the devices installed in a network. If you want to monitor all the devices in a network: what is configured in those devices, what is running in it, and…

The Cisco router Privilege level is a way a network administrator defines the level of commands, the normal user will run. Privilege Level defines the number of commands a user can run. By default, three privilege levels are configured on the Cisco router: level 0, level 1, and level 15. The user exec mode is…

NTP stands for network time protocol. It is an application layer protocol that is used to synchronize the clock between network devices and the time server. It uses UDP port number 123 for its communication. Networking devices need to make sure that logging information and timestamps have the accurate time and date. There are two…

SSH stands for secure shell. SSH is a cryptographic protocol which encrypts networking data. When data is flowing in an unencrypted network, then a hacker can see the data, which later he/she can misuse that data. So, when SSH encrypts that data, then a middleman can not see the information. Moreover, SSH uses a client-server…

Maintaining a user activity record is important in the organization. If there is any loss in the organization or another place in the world, then the last and final stage is to check its user activity. The activity shows how they did it and when they did it. Various tools can collect records of user…

FTP stands for the file transfer protocol. We use an FTP server to store our data. FTP is a centralized location in an organization where all users store their data for daily purposes. We can also use an FTP server to store Cisco router IOS backup. So, whenever a network engineer or network administrator wants…

Backup and restoration a Cisco IOS is an essential task for a network administrator or network engineer. We back up our Cisco device IOS for backup purposes. In the case of an IOS failure in a Cisco device, we have the option to restore its IOS, which we backed up some time ago. We also…

Normally, we connect the computer to a router through the switch. In this article, we will explain, How we connect our computer to a router in a Cisco packet tracer. As we drag and drop the PC, Switch, and Router in the working area, The next phase is to connect all of them with each…

Connecting a PC to a router is a basic lab in computer networking and any simulator software. We connect our PC to the router for different purposes. Sometimes we want to check connectivity between any two stations. We want first to connect the PC directly with the router. Sometimes, we want to take router configuration…

Connecting Computers to a switch in the packet tracer is the basic lab. Normally this type of lab is considered in a Lan environment, where computers are connected to each other via a switch. Here in this lab, I will use four computers with one Cisco 2950 switch model. We will connect each PC to…

Connecting a PC to a router is an important Lab in Packet Tracer. It is a basic lab in Packet Tracer. To connect the PC to a router, 1st click on the network devices, then click on the router. Click on your desired router. In my case, I am selecting the 2811 router by dragging…

In this article, I will teach you how to connect two computers to a Cisco packet tracer. For this reason, first, take two PCs from [end devices], then connect them by crossover cable from [connection] in the Packet Tracer. It is the basic starter lab for a student entering into computer networking fields. A student…