Transmission modes mean how data is transferred from one place to another place. The data that is transferring from one place to another, is colliding with any other type of data. If the cable doesn’t contain more than one channel in it. Then, there is 100% of possibility that it will collide with the remote…
Introduction Web server is a combination of two words; web and server. The web is an information system known through its URL. While a server means to serve. So it is a place on the internet where information is stored and served by the clients. A web server is also called an HTTP server. The…
Introduction DNS stands for domain name system. It provides name services. Name services provide name resolution. Name resolution is the conversion of IP to name and name to IP. So, the server which works as a name resolver is called a DNS server. If you know the name of a website, then there is no…
Introduction DHCP Relay Agent is the process of assigning an IP address from one subnet to another subnet. The DHCP server will be in one network, while the clients will be in another network. So that the DHCP server and its client will be in different networks. The Router or Layer Three Switch will act…
Introduction Normally, we assign an IP address to a client computer in two ways. The first one is static or manual assignment and the second one is dynamic. When we assign an IP address to a client computer manually, then it is called a static IP address. And, when we assign IP addresses in an…
A switch port analyzer or SPAN port mirroring is a way through which we capture network data for monitoring purposes. It is also called port mirroring because it mirrors traffic from different ports to different ports. We mirror the network traffic from one set of ports to another port which can then be connected to…
Introduction IP SLA is an IP Server Level Agreement. It is a feature of Cisco Router’s IOS to provide real-time network traffic monitoring performance and reporting. Moreover, it can report network metrics like basic connectivity, delay, jitter, packet loss frequency response time, etc., It is a great tool for ISPs to monitor their customer…
Embedded Event Manager or Cisco EEM is a software component of Cisco IOS that allows network engineers to automate networking tasks, respond to certain types of events, and improve the intelligence of Cisco networking devices. EEM detects real-time network event reporting and tracking. It automates different tasks by using applets and scripts. EEM is embedded…
Introduction Netflow is a popular protocol, which is developed by Cisco. Its work is to collect IP traffic information flowing through an interface on the network. It monitors our computer networking devices in real-time. It defines the behavior of network traffic. Why do we use NetFlow? It helps us to identify some common issues like…
.SNMP stands for simple network management protocol. It is an application layer protocol defined in the IETF RFC 1157. This protocol is used to monitor all the devices installed in a network. If you want to monitor all the devices in a network: what is configured in those devices, what is running in it, and…
The Cisco router Privilege level is a way a network administrator defines the level of commands, the normal user will run. Privilege Level defines the number of commands a user can run. By default, three privilege levels are configured on the Cisco router: level 0, level 1, and level 15. The user exec mode is…
A computer network consists of various routers, switches, and firewalls as the network becomes larger and larger. It is tough for an administrator to control access to the networking devices. Tacacs+ protocol can resolve this big issue. It centralizes all the login credentials in a single place. It simplifies our management work and secures our…
Radius stands for remote access dial-in user service. Radius server is a protocol that is primarily used for restricting network access. It authenticates the user who wants to access the device or network. Further, it also authorizes users, what they can do. And at the last, it also responsible for what the user did during…
AAA stands for Authentication Authorization and Accounting. It is a security service, which means no authorized person will not access your device or network. It is a service that stores usernames and passwords in a centralized location. .AAA consists of three A’s, which first A is for Authentication. Authentication means who is logged in to…
NTP stands for network time protocol. It is an application layer protocol that is used to synchronize the clock between network devices and the time server. It uses UDP port number 123 for its communication. Networking devices need to make sure that logging information and timestamps have the accurate time and date. There are two…
In Previous articles, we covered about configuration of Cisco devices, and how we access and configure a device. We configured our device from the very beginning, such as how to ping a router or switch, or how to telnet a device through Python Script. Then we ran various commands on routers and configured vlans on…
IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol Version 6. It is the latest version of IPv4. IP version 6 is not backward compatible with Ipv4, because it performs the same task as the Ipv4 does. The IPv6 provides a unique IP to the device, but its addressing scheme and addresses are different from IPV4. It provides the…
Suppose I ask you to configure either OSPF, EIGRP, or RIP. If you configure it manually, then it will take time to complete its configuration. We can simplify it through Python script within a single execution. In this way, we can automate IP routing protocols. We will give an option to the user whether he/she…
In the last two articles about the Python netmiko library part 1 and part 2, we have discussed the basis of the netmiko library and its implementation in the article. In this article, we are focusing on “how to automate network” by modifying the netmiko library, introducing a few challenges to enhance your understanding. We…
In the previous article “How to Automate Network Access With Python Netmiko Library part-1”, we have called only one device at a time. But, this time, we will call more than one device at the same time in a single script to automate Network Access. We will mention device IP addresses in the list data…
We use the Python Netmiko Library to automate network access securely. Netmiko is a Python library that is used to build a secure remote connection with network devices using an SSH connection. Nemiko is not the default library in Python. you will have to install it manually in it. It is necessary to enable SSH…
MAC stands for media access control. It is used to assign a unique address to Nodes in a computer networking environment for resource-sharing purposes without any trouble. Moreover, It works at data link layer 2 in the osi model. The data link layer is further subdivided into two parts, the LLC layer and the MAC…
Utilization of IP addressing is an important role of a network engineer. Therefore, they must ensure the availability of IP addresses to allocate to their clients. Furthermore, there are some techniques through which he will be able to its availability. Specifically, they must know VLSM, FLSM, and CIDR notation, through which they will ensure the…
Vlan stands for virtual local area network. Creating a VLAN is an important part of the configuration of a switch. n this article, we will write a script and run this script to create Multiple VLANs with Python script on a switch. We will perform this lab in EVE-NG software. Creating Management Cloud in the…
When a router is not directly accessible, we mostly use either SSH or telnet to configure a router. In this article, we will explore the use of Python script to establish telnet access to a router. We will be simulating this lab within GNS3 software. I directly connected GNS3 to my laptop (PC). It’s worth…
Network automation is becoming an essential part of computer networking. With the help of network automation, we use software to automate our daily tasks through Python script. Network automation helps us to configure our network from a centralized location. Here, we will write a script and then implement it on the networking device. We will…
GNS3 is a famous network simulator through which network engineers and students make their network design, to test it before deployment. It supports many vendors” devices. it is an open-source software and is widely used in the industry. We can connect it to a real network or to our laptop, to test our network design….
Subnet Mask The subnet mask is a 32-bit number, which tells about which is the network portion and which is the host portion of an IP address. As we know from classful IP addresses, that is the network portion and the host portion. But in the case of subnetting, we don’t know about the network…
Sometimes we want to sit near our computer network devices, such as routers and switches, to collect information about connected network devices without the need to go there. We can perform such tasks through CDP and LLDP. CDP stands for Cisco Discovery Protocol while LLDP stands for Link Layer Discovery Protocol. Both perform the same…
Memorizing the IP address of a few devices is easy, but it is very hard to remember every device’s IP address on the computer network. Sometimes, we forget the IP address of the device and then check the routing table or any other table on the computer. As we can’t remember every website IP address…
SSH stands for secure shell. SSH is a cryptographic protocol which encrypts networking data. When data is flowing in an unencrypted network, then a hacker can see the data, which later he/she can misuse that data. So, when SSH encrypts that data, then a middleman can not see the information. Moreover, SSH uses a client-server…
Telent or virtual terminal line is an application protocol that we use it to configure a device to get its information and run the program remotely. To configure a network through Telnet it should configure the network with proper IP address connectivity. Telent works at port number 23 without transmission encryption. The data between the…
Maintaining a user activity record is important in the organization. If there is any loss in the organization or another place in the world, then the last and final stage is to check its user activity. The activity shows how they did it and when they did it. Various tools can collect records of user…
FTP stands for the file transfer protocol. We use an FTP server to store our data. FTP is a centralized location in an organization where all users store their data for daily purposes. We can also use an FTP server to store Cisco router IOS backup. So, whenever a network engineer or network administrator wants…
Maintaining network devices is an important job role of a network administrator. He is performing day-to-day network device configuration. Among other devices, there are also routers in his/her responsibilities. Sometimes, he lost the router Password. He is trying to find a solution to log into the router but he fails. The last option is to…
Backup and restoration a Cisco IOS is an essential task for a network administrator or network engineer. We back up our Cisco device IOS for backup purposes. In the case of an IOS failure in a Cisco device, we have the option to restore its IOS, which we backed up some time ago. We also…
Normally, we connect the computer to a router through the switch. In this article, we will explain, How we connect our computer to a router in a Cisco packet tracer. As we drag and drop the PC, Switch, and Router in the working area, The next phase is to connect all of them with each…
Connecting a PC to a router is a basic lab in computer networking and any simulator software. We connect our PC to the router for different purposes. Sometimes we want to check connectivity between any two stations. We want first to connect the PC directly with the router. Sometimes, we want to take router configuration…
Connecting Computers to a switch in the packet tracer is the basic lab. Normally this type of lab is considered in a Lan environment, where computers are connected to each other via a switch. Here in this lab, I will use four computers with one Cisco 2950 switch model. We will connect each PC to…
Connecting a PC to a router is an important Lab in Packet Tracer. It is a basic lab in Packet Tracer. To connect the PC to a router, 1st click on the network devices, then click on the router. Click on your desired router. In my case, I am selecting the 2811 router by dragging…
IP stands for Internet protocol. With the help of IP addresses, we uniquely identify a device in the computer network. All the devices in the network have one unique identifier, which is called an IP address. The IP address enables us to transfer files from one computer to another computer. It is a logical address…
A password is a primary protection mechanism to secure a device. Cisco uses different types of passwords to restrict access to its devices, such as routers, switches, firewalls, etc. We have explained configuring different Cisco router passwords to restrict a user from accessing the router privilege exec mode. In the router privilege exec mode, a…
Packet tracer is a network simulator software. Network professionals and students use it to design and learn networks. Cisco Systems Incorporated developed it. Here, In this paragraph, we will explore the basics of it. It is easy to download, install, and manage. As compared to other network-simulating software, it requires fewer resources, such as RAM,…
Cisco IOS Cisco iOS is an essential part of computer networking devices. The Cisco routers, switches, and ASA Firewalls use IOS as an operating system installed in it. IOS is the core software of all Cisco devices. We must be familiar with the Cisco router and switch configuration commands, which are managed by IOS. We…
Cisco Endpoint devices Cisco end-point devices are those devices that work at the end of the network. Cisco end-point devices include, IP Phone, web mobile, and desktop client Through telepresence, we can make ultra-HD video calls. Examples of telepresence end-point devices are: Through it, we make our video conferencing calls Benefits
There are many types of devices, which are used in the computer networking industry. We use some devices for small offices or homes. Similarly, we used some devices for medium to large networks. Some devices are obsolete like bridge, hub, etc while some devices have made a modification in it that performs its basic functions…
Collision domain and Broadcast domain are the two important terms in the computer networking subject. it defines how data will access the medium. If more than one device sends data at the same time, then there is a chance to collide that data with another device’s data. Also, the Broadcast domain defines the reachability of…
Computer network topologies are the design of the network. Moreover, computer network topologies define how computers will connect to each other and how devices will communicate with each other. To create a network, you start by designing how computers will connect. Subsequently, the connectivity between the computers is called topology. There are two types of…
TCP/IP Model stands for transmission control protocol/ Internet Protocol. It is also called TCP/IP Suit. It is the most popular model in the history of computer networking. Every operating system supports it whether it is Windows, Linux, Unix, or Mac. it is an open standard model. This model follows a layered approach. There are 4…
We use a console cable for the configuration of a Cisco router or switch. It is a copper rollover cable that connects the PC directly to the router or switches for configuration purposes. Normally the length of a console cable is 1 to 2 meters. We connect it to the PC through the COM1 or…